ISLAMIC CHARITY OFFICIALS GAVE MILLIONS TO AL-QAEDA SAYS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

ISLAMIC CHARITY OFFICIALS GAVE MILLIONS TO AL-QAEDA, SAYS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

WASHINGTON: When Qatar’s royal family was looking for advice on charitable giving, it turned to a well-regarded professor named Abd al-Rahman al-Nu’aymi. The 59 years old educator had a stellar resume that included extensive fundraising experience and years of work with international human rights groups.

But one apparent accomplishment was omitted from the list: According to U.S. officials, Nu’aymi also was working secretly as a financier for al-Qaeda, funnelling millions of dollars to the terrorist group’s affiliates in Syria and Iraq even as he led campaigns in Europe for greater freedoms for Muslims, said a report published in Washington Post.

Nu’aymi was one of two men identified by Treasury Department officials last week as major financial backers of al-Qaeda and its regional chapters across the Middle East. Although U.S. officials routinely announce steps to disrupt terrorist financing networks, the individuals named in the latest case are far from ordinary: Both men have served as advisers to government-backed foundations in Qatar and have held high-profile positions with international human rights groups.

The second man, a Yemeni, drew part of his salary from U.N. funds underwritten by U.S. taxpayers.

Their alleged dual roles promoting humanitarian causes and civil rights while simultaneously supporting extremist groups reflect a growing challenge faced by counter-terrorism officials attempting to monitor the torrents of cash flowing to Islamist rebel groups in Syria, current and former U.S. officials say.

“Individuals with one foot in the legitimate world and another in the realm of terrorist financing provide al-Qaeda with a cloak of legitimacy,” said Juan Zarate, a former Treasury official and author of “Treasury’s Wars,” a book that describes U.S. efforts to penetrate terrorist financial networks.

Zarate said such cases greatly complicate the “financial diplomacy” involved in attempting to disrupt terrorist support networks, especially private funding from wealthy Persian Gulf donors seeking to help Syria’s rebels.

Despite attempts by gulf states to crack down on jihadist financial networks, former and current U.S. officials have described a surge in private support for Islamist extremists in Syria, particularly in Qatar and Kuwait.

The Obama administration has repeatedly urged both countries to rein in private donations to jihadists, while acknowledging that new tactics, including the widespread use of Twitter and social media, make fundraising more difficult to track.

“It is essential for countries to take proactive steps to disrupt terrorist financing, especially where al-Qaeda and its affiliates are concerned,” David S. Cohen, the Treasury Department’s undersecretary for terrorism and financial intelligence, said in announcing financial constrictions against Nu’aymi and the Yemeni national, Abd al-Wahhab al-Humayqani.

Cohen said the Obama administration would continue to work with the Persian Gulf region’s capitals to “ensure that charitable donations are not used to support violence.”

The administration’s action last week named both men as “specially designated global terrorists,” a determination that allows U.S. officials to freeze their financial assets and bar American citizens and companies from doing business with them.

Treasury Department documents said both men used their charity work to conceal efforts to raise millions of dollars for al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups from Syria to the Horn of Africa.

The naming of the two officials raised eyebrows in Qatar and Yemen, where supporters viewed the allegations as politically motivated. Both men have been prominent critics of U.S. counter-­terrorism policies, particularly the use of drone strikes against terrorism suspects.

Nu’aymi, a Qatar University professor and former president of the Qatar Football Association, was a founding member of a prominent charity — the Sheikh Eid bin Mohammad al-Thani Charitable Foundation — named for a member of the country’s ruling family.

In recent years, Nu’aymi had gained renown as an international activist, serving as president of Alkarama, a Geneva-based human rights organization that works closely with the United Nations and major international activist groups to advocate for Muslims’ civil rights.

Alkarama lobbies on behalf of Islamist detainees around the world, and it accuses Western and Arab governments of suppressing the rights of political groups that promote Islamic rule for the Middle East. Some of the group’s former clients are linked to Islamist militias seeking to overthrow Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.

Humayqani is an Alkarama founding member and one time adviser to Qatar on charitable giving, according to his résumé. He is a founding member of Yemen’s conservative Rashad Union party and has served on the country’s National Dialogue Conference, a group established in the wake of the Arab Spring uprising to advise the government on political and economic reforms. As a council member, he has sometimes received a daily stipend from a Yemeni fund underwritten by U.N. financial contributions.

Nu’aymi, in a response posted on Twitter last week, said the U.S. allegations were a retaliation for his criticism of American policies, including drone strikes in Yemen and U.S. support for the recent overthrow of Egypt’s democratically elected government. He said the U.S. claims about his fundraising work were “far from the truth.”

Humayqani was travelling and could not be reached for comment. A statement released by his Rashad Union party condemned what it called “false accusations” by the United States and urged Yemen’s government to rally to his defense.

The allegations against Nu’aymi come at a time of increasing U.S. concern about the role of Qatari individuals and charities in supporting extreme elements within Syria’s rebel alliance.

One charity, Madid Ahl al-Sham, was cited by Jabhat al-Nusra in August as one of the preferred conduits for donations intended for the group, which has pledged loyalty to al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri.

NATO soldier kills in Attack in eastern Afghanistan

NATO SOLDIER KILLS IN ATTACK 

IN EASTERN AFGHANISTAN

KABUL: NATO says an attack in eastern Afghanistan has killed one of its service members. A statement from the U.S.-led coalition says the soldier died after coming under direct fire by enemy forces on Monday.

The coalition, known as the International Security Assistance Force, provided no other details or the nationality of the killed soldier.

Afghan insurgents have increased attacks in recent months, intensifying a campaign to regain territory as foreign forces draw down ahead of a full withdrawal at the end of 2014.

Monday´s death brings to eight the number of coalition deaths so far this month. Last Tuesday, six U.S. soldiers died when their Black Hawk UH-60 went down during a mission in Zabul, southern Afghanistan.

Egypt PM labels Brotherhood 'terrorist' group after bomb kills 14

EGYPT PM LABELS BROTHERHOOD 'TERRORIST' GROUP AFTER BOMB KILLS 14

CAIRO: Egypt's premier on Tuesday declared the Muslim Brotherhood movement a “terrorist” group, after a car bomb ripped through a police building and killed at least 14 people. Prime Minister Hazem Beblawi's condemnation of the group comes just weeks ahead of a referendum on a new constitution that is billed as the first major step toward democracy since the ouster of president Mohamed Morsi in July.

“Prime Minister Beblawi has declared the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization,” state news agency MENA quoted the premier's spokesman Sherif Showky as saying. An Egyptian court has already banned the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood, to which Morsi belongs, while the interim military-installed authorities have often accused the group of funding and training militants in the restive Sinai Peninsula.

Tuesday's move to declare the Brotherhood a “terrorist” organisation will likely be seen as a further push by the interim authorities to isolate the movement ahead of the constitutional referendum. The 85-year-old political and social movement prevailed in a series of polls following the overthrow of longtime dictator Hosni Mubarak in 2011, and Morsi became the country's first freely elected leader after winning elections last year.

Beblawi's statement came just hours after a powerful car bomb tore through a police headquarters in the Egyptian city of Mansoura early Tuesday, killing at least 14 people, mostly policemen, said medics and officials. Egyptian security sources said the explosion in the city, north of Cairo, was massive and a part of the building had caved in. Medics said the bombing wounded more than 100 people. “The majority of the casualties are from the police. The explosion was caused by a car bomb,” Omar al-Shawatsi, the governor of Daqahleya, of which Mansoura is the capital, told state media.

The impact of the explosion was felt around 20 kilometres (12 miles) away and shattered windows of nearby buildings, the security sources said. The head of security for Daqahleya, Sami El-Mihi, was wounded in the blast and two of his aides were killed, security sources said. There has been widespread bloodshed in Egypt since Morsi's ouster.

He was forced from power on July 3 after massive street protests against his turbulent one-year rule, with millions accusing him of power-grabbing and economic mismanagement. More than 1,000 people have been killed in a government crackdown on his supporters, mostly from the Brotherhood.

The crackdown has also seen thousands of Islamists, including the entire leadership of the Brotherhood, arrested. The movement's top leaders including its supreme guide, Mohamed Badie have been put on trial. Morsi too is on trial over several charges including some related to the deaths of protesters during his presidency.

Egyptian prosecutors and officials say the Muslim Brotherhood has links with Islamist militants who have stepped up attacks on security forces across the country. More than 100 members of the security forces have been killed since Morsi's ouster. Egypt is deeply polarised since Morsi was removed from power and in particular after security forces stormed two protest camps of his supporters in Cairo on Aug 14.

Hundreds were killed in ensuing clashes at the two camps, the worst carnage in Egypt's modern history. After Morsi was ousted, Egypt's military-installed authorities announced a road map for a democratic transition. On January 14 and 15 Egypt is holding a referendum on a new constitution the first step in the plan. The constitution, if approved, will be followed by parliamentary and presidential elections by mid-2014. Egypt drafted a new constitution after the previous 2012 version was suspended when the military deposed Morsi.

THREE DEAD IN SUICIDE BLAST NEAR RAWALPINDI IMAMBARGAH

THREE DEAD IN SUICIDE BLAST NEAR RAWALPINDI IMAMBARGAH

RAWALPINDI: A powerful blast outside an Imambargah situated in the heavily guarded Gracey Lines area killed three people, including two policemen and left 14 injured.

According to News, policemen spotted a suspicious looking individual on a motorcycle in the parking lot of the Imambargah near the Nur Khan Air Base. The attacker blew himself up when the policemen tried to tackle him.

About 700 people were attending a majlis at the time of the attack. As a result three people, including a SHO lost their lives. The dead and the injured were taken to the Benazir Bhutto Hospital and District Headquarters Hospital.

“We have three bodies and 14 wounded people at our hospital,” Asif Qadir Mir, chief of the local government hospital, told AFP. The blast was heard far away. Police and military personnel cordoned off the area and all roads leading to Gracy Lane were closed to traffic.

Khalid Mehmood, the driver of a police van who was on duty at the Imambagah, said a man parked his motorcycle by the roadside and started walking towards the Imambargah. When Sub-Inspector Amanat Ali and other policemen asked him to stop for search, he detonated the bomb.

City Police Officer Akhtar Umar Lalika told that it was a suicide attack. The bomber blew himself up when he was intercepted by policemen outside the Imambargah. Several bikes and cars parked outside the Imambargah were damaged.

According to bomb disposal experts, four to five pounds of high explosives, laced with ball-bearings, were used in the attack. The head and legs were believed to be of the bomber. Black clothes and a green jacket were retrieved from the scene.

A damaged pistol, wooden butt of a rifle and four spent bullet casings were also found. However, it could not be ascertained whether the pistol belonged to the suicide bomber or police.

Majlis-i-Wahadat-Muslameen (MWM), Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Fiqh-i-Jafaria condemned the attack and said that the government has failed to curb sectarian violence in the country.

There has been a rise in sectarian violence in Pakistan after several deadly clashes between Sunni and Shia Muslim groups near Islamabad in November. Allama Nasir Abbas, a Shia cleric, was killed late Sunday in Lahore, the capital of Punjab province, after addressing a religious gathering.

On November 19, gunmen killed a senior Shia university director along with his driver in Lahore, while another Shia leader and his guard were killed in Karachi in early December. Three days later, Shamsur Rehman Muawiya, chief of the Sunni organisation Ahl-e-Sunnat Wal Jammat for Punjab province, was killed in Lahore.

Pakistan is rife with sectarian clashes, with Sunni militant groups linked to Al Qaeda and the Taliban often attacking gatherings by Shias, who constitute some 20 per cent of the country's population.

TALIBAN HIT NATO FUEL TRUCKS, KILL ONE AFGHAN POLICEMAN

TALIBAN HIT NATO FUEL TRUCKS, KILL ONE AFGHAN POLICEMAN

KABUL: An Afghan official says Taliban suicide bombers have attacked NATO fuel trucks near the Pakistani border. A gun battle that followed killed one Afghan policeman and wounded three. A spokesman in Nangarhar province, Ahmad Zia Abdulzai, says the attack took place early Wednesday at the NATO outpost near the Torkham border crossing, a key supply route for the alliance.

Abdulzai says three suicide bombers first blew up a car at the gate of the parking lot of the NATO outpost. The explosion set off a fire that destroyed several of the privately owned tankers. The attackers then stormed into the compound. Abdulzai says the attackers were killed in the ensuing gun battle. NATO says there were no casualties among coalition troops. Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid says the insurgent group was behind the attack.

TOP 10 HORRIFYING TERRORIST ATTACKS

TOP 10 HORRIFYING TERRORIST ATTACKS

The oxford dictionary defines the word terrorism as, ‘’the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.’’  However, if you search the internet for other definitions of terrorism then you will come across many that would astound you; one of the preferred definitions is simply the act of going against or resisting a government using terroristic methods. As busy, ever-moving 21^st century individuals, we might not really be aware about all the terror that goes on around, but let me tell you there is in fact a lot of it that circles the earth, sometimes even without any particular reason.

If we start counting these horrifying attacks from the start of the 18^th century, there are more than thousands of such instances when terror has been fueled and drilled into the minds of innocent people. So this list features history’s top 10 most dreadful terrorist attacks.

10:  Wall Street Bombing/United States (16^th September, 1920)

The bombing occurred in the Financial District of New York City at around 12:01 pm, on a Thursday. The blast killed 38 people on site and seriously injured another 143. Investigators and historians have speculated that the bombing was carried out by an Italian anarchists group the Galleanists, they were also responsible for a series of bombings that occurred in the previous year, however the case was never solved and none were given justice.

9.  British Mandate for Palestine (1937-1948)

The Arab revolt in Palestine against the British Mandate, the militant Zionist group the Irgun carried out a total of sixty attacks against Arabs and the British soldiers. Described as a underground terrorist organization Irgun launched series of attacks against the Arabs and the Brits in the 30s which lasted till the start of World War II. This terror that lasted for around 11 years resulted in 250 deaths of targeted Arabs.

8. The Mad Bomber/United Stated (1940-1956).

George P. Metesky, better known as the Mad Bomber who single handedly terrorized New York City for more than 16 years in the 40s and 50s. For someone who was declared legally insane and admitted to a mental facility years later, placing 33 bombs in different crowded parts of the city like storage lockers, or rest rooms was surely something you could only expect from a psycho-path. Some of the most important places that he planted his explosives include the Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, the New York Public Library and a lot more. Out of the 33 bombs Metesky had planted only 22 exploded injuring ten during this period of protest against the local electric utility.

7.  Menarsha Synagogue Attack/Syria (5^th August, 1949)

In the Jewish quarter of Damascus, Syria Menarsha Synagogue was under a grenade attack that resulted in 12 deaths, out of which eight were children. The attack took place on a Friday evening which was to coincide with the Lausanne Conference, following the 1949 Armistice Agreement which was signed on July, 20 of the same year. Several hand grenades were thrown into the synagogue resulting in serious injuries of at least 30.

6. Airliner Explosion/Philippines (7^th May, 1949)

A Philippine-o airliner exploded in mid air after 30 minutes into flight on 7^th of May, Saturday; killing 13 passengers including the flight crew. The flight was scheduled to travel from Daet to Manila. Investigators and historians believe that the job must have been done with the help of a time-bomb, which detonated right after 30 minutes of the flight’s departure near Alabat Island.

5. Ma’le Akrabim massacre/Israel (17^th March, 1954)

Eleven passengers on a carrier bus were shot dead by attackers who ambushed and boarded the bus in the middle of the day. Ma’le Akrabim is Hebrew for the Scorpions Pass, which is a narrow, winding grade old road that connects Eilat and Beersheba, just south of Makhtesh Katan. The pass was on the primary route between Eilat and central Israel in 1954. Four passengers survived the attack, from whom two were Israeli soldiers, a woman and a five-year old girl – Miri Fristenberg, whose parents were killed in the attack.

4. Beirut Barracks Bombing/ Lebanon (23^rd Oct, 1989)

Occurred during the Lebanese Civil War, the Beirut Bombing was basically two truck bombs that had struck separate buildings housing United States and French military forces – members of the multinational force – on the 23^rd of October, resulting in more than 299 fatalities. The trucks were driven and struck on the respective buildings by suicide bombers. 241 American servicemen: consisting 220 Marines, 18 sailors and three soldiers were killed in the attack on the American Barracks along with sixty Americans that were seriously injured representing the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States Marin Corps since the World War II’s, Battle of Iwo Jima.

3. Dubrovka Theater Siege/Russia (23^rd Oct, 2002).

Also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege, Dubrovka theater siege was carried out by some 40 to 50 armed Chechens who claimed allegiance to the Islamist militant separatist movement in Chechnya. More than 850 people were taken hostage demanding the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya putting an end to the Second Chechen war. The siege was brought to a halt after two and half days as Russian Alpha Group forces pumped an unknown gas into the building and raided it. Around 40 of the attackers were killed by the forces during the raid and almost 130 innocent hostages died due to adverse reactions to the gas.

2.  Piazza Fontana Bombing/Italy (12^th Dec, 1969)

The Piazza Fontana Bombing was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in history, which took place around 4:30 pm, when a bomb exploded at the headquarters of the National Agrarian Bank some 200m from the Duomo in Milan, Italy. The attack resulted in 17 fatalities with more than 88 wounded. The same afternoon, 3 more bombs were said to be planted in different cities around Italy. 2 of them exploded in Rome and Milan and the 3^rd one was retrieved before detonation.

1.  911 Attacks/United States (11^th Sept, 2001)

Also referred to as the twin-tower bombing that occurred on the 11^th of September, 2011 is still believed to be a series of coordinated attacks launched by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda led by the notorious Osama bin laden who was killed by special American military forces on the 2^nd of May, 2011. According to the mainstream media, four passenger airlines were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists so they could be flown right into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. In total, almost 3000 people died in the attacks, including the 227 civilians and 19 hijackers aboard the four planes. Bin Laden first denied any involvement in the attacks; however in 2004 he claimed full responsibility.  Anyway the deeper we investigate these attacks, the harder we find it to gulp the whole story down and makes it very hard to believe whatever the mainstream media and the United States government want us to see.

Final Conclusion:

These attacks are really nothing but a clear reflection of where we really are as a race. Although we’ve come a long way since the Stone Age days, we still have a lot to understand as to what we really are as beings. Emotions like hatred and jealousy are tearing us apart with each passing moment; it is in fact hilarious that we still let such things drive our ego. Well, we might have this general misconception, ‘’I’m

US DRONE STRIKE IN NORTH WAZIRISTAN PAKISTAN LEAVES THREE DEAD

MIRAMSHAH: Three suspected militants were killed in a US drone strike in Miramshah bazaar in the North Waziristan Pakistan tribal region late at Wednesday night 30-10-2013.

Sources said three people were also injured and that the number of casualties was likely to increase.

This is the first drone strike following Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's visit to the United States and his meeting with US President Barack Obama.

Official intelligence sources said the drone fired two missiles on a compound in the Zafar Town area near Miramshah bazaar, the agency Headquarters of the North Waziristan tribal region.

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif during his visit to the US last week had called upon President Obama to end drone strikes on Pakistani Territory but the US has reportedly made no commitment to end the operation.

US drone strikes in Pakistan and Yemen increased dramatically after Obama took office in 2009, and the pilot-less aerial vehicles became a key part of the fight against Al-Qaeda. More recently the number of strikes has lowered.

THE HISTORY OF TERRORISM MORE THAN 200 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT

THE HISTORY OF TERRORISM: MORE THAN 200 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT

The history of terrorism dates back at least 1500 years when Jewish resistance groups (66 - 72 A.D.) known as Zealots killed Roman soldiers and destroyed Roman property. The term assassin comes from a Shi'ite Muslim sect (Nizari Isma'ilis - also known as hashashins "hashish-eaters") fighting Sunni Muslims (1090 - 1275) and during Medieval Christendom resisting occupation during the Crusades (1095-1291). The hashashins were known to spread terror in the form of murder, including women and children. The brotherhood of Assassins committed terror so as to gain paradise and seventy-two virgins if killed and to receive unlimited hashish while on earth. The modern development of terrorism began during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794). During this period the term terrorism was first coined. Through the past two hundred years, terrorism has been used to achieve political ends and has developed as a tool for liberation, oppression, and international global politics. This essay is designed to provide an overview of the development of terrorism over the past 200 years.

In summary, the development of terrorism as a tool to achieve political goals is as follows:

Late 18th Century - The French Revolution
Government Sponsored Terrorism
Goal: Eliminate opposition and consolidate power. The word terrorism was coined.

Late 19th and Early 20th Century - The Anarchists
Individual Terrorism
Propaganda by deeds
Goal: Use terror to bring down a government

Early 20th Century - Russian Revolution
Government Sponsored Terrorism 
Goal: Use terror to maintain power and control an entire population. Added systematic society wide use of terror to the concept of government-sponsored terrorism

Early 20th Century - Irish Rebellion 
Selective Terrorism
Sustained Terrorism
Cell Operations
Goal: Use terror to gain independence

Middle 20th Century
Terror to End Colonialism
Goal: Use of selective terrorism on sympathizers and civilians

Between the French Revolution and the end of WWII, terrorism was local and organization of terror was confined to a specific area of conflict. The late 1960's brought a new change.

The Middle East / Cold War -Late 1960's 

The Internationalization of Terrorism and State-Sponsored Terrorism
The unification of different terrorist groups as a worldwide network. Additionally, due to the Cold War different countries supporting different terrorist groups in order to destabilize rival governments. Terrorist groups allied in order to bring attention to the Arab-Israeli conflict.

The Middle East / Islamism (Militant Islam) - 1979 
Religious Based Terrorism
Expansion of Islam and the protection of Islam against Jews, Christians and the West formed a justification for the use of terror independent of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

DISCUSSION

Over the past two centuries terrorism has been used for various reasons to achieve various goals. Terrorism has been used by religious zealots and by non-religious ideologues. The historical development of terrorism shows that it is a tool of change.

Pre-Modern Use of Terrorism Terrorism is nothing new in the Middle East and its use is not new to Jews or Muslims. Jewish Zealots used terrorism to resist the Romans and Muslims used terrorism to resist each other (Shi'ites vs Sunni) and against the crusades. Terror during this period was used kill religious enemies. From the beginning terrorism and religion were companions. The concept of Suicide Martyrdom, dying in the service of God - dying while killing the enemies of God - dates back more than a thousand years ago. From the earliest days, terrorism encompassed the idea of dying in the service of God as a divine duty which would be rewarded in the afterlife. Terrorism against an enemy was a religious act which was considered a good and worthy act.

The French Revolution's Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794) Modern terrorism began with the Reign of Terror by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobin Party. Robespierre brought to terrorism the concept that terrorism has virtue in that it can be a tool to bring about "legitimate" governmental ends. He used terror systematically to suppress opposition to the government. Robespierre introduced Government-sponsored terrorism: the use of terror to maintain power and suppress rivals. Before his reign was over hundreds of people met their end with the sound of the guillotine.

Anarchists (1890 - 1910) Anarchists were very active during the late 19th and early 20th century. Russian anarchists sought to overthrow the Russian Czar Alexander II by assassination and eventually succeeded in 1881. The Anarchists believed that killing the Czar and other kings and nobles of Europe would bring down governments. To this end the anarchist introduced to the development of terrorism, Individual terrorism. Individual terrorism is the use of selective terror against and individual or group in order to bring down a government. The use of terror was selective because targets were selected based on their position within the governmental system. Terrorist acts were limited to ensaure that innocent bystanders were not hurt. This concept of limited collateral damage to innocents, not targeting innocents, did not survive the second half of the 20th century.

Anarchists also introduced the observation that terrorism has a communicative effect. When a bomb explodes, society asks why. The need to kbow why an act was committed provides the perpetrators of the terrorist act a stage to which an audience is ready to listen. Thus the concept of propaganda by deeds was added to the development of modern terrorism. Terrorism was a tool of communication.

Between 1890 and 1908 anarchists were responsible for killing the kings and queens of Russia, Austria Hungry, Italy and Portugal. Anarchists were also active in the U.S. between 1890 and 1910 setting off bombs on Wall Street. The two most famous acts by anarchists were the assassinations of President McKinley (1901) and Archduke Ferdinand (1914) which resulted in the Great War.

The Soviet Revolution (1917) Lenin, followed by Stalin, expanded the idea of government-sponsored terrorism as a tool to maintain governmental control. Both used terror against an entire class of people within society (as supposed to use against one's enemies), systematically. Terror was used to control the entire society in order to build society. Fear was used as a motivational factor for governmental operations and public compliance with government. Terror was used as a way to organize and control a society.

The Irish Rebellion (1919 - 1921) The Irish War of 1919 brought three concepts to the development of terrorism (1) selective terrorism, (2) sustained terror over time and (3) cell operations.

The goal of the war was to gain Irish independence from England. Led by Michael Collins, terrorism was applied to representatives of England (police, soldiers, judges, government officials, etc.) in an effort to make the cost of continued occupation too high to maintain. Thus to terrorism was added the concept of selective terrorism, acts of terror against representatives of government to force their departure from an area. A tactic that has been adopted and used in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip since 1967 with the loss of one key concept, the selective aspect. Today's terrorism involves attacks on civilians and non-governmental officials.

Also added to the development of the use of terrorism is the concept that to make a change in a society, the acts of terror must be sustained over a long period of time. The sustained terror will, over time, break down the will of the targeted government and they will eventually seek to an accommodation.

The Irish war also provided the concept of cell operation to terrorism. Cell operation decentralizes the implementation of terrorist acts and prevents the discovery and destruction of the terrorist organization. Each cell has a specific goal or objective. Each cell only knows its members and its specific task. Thus the capture of one cell does not provide avenues to other terrorists. Terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda operated with this decentralized design to implement the attack on September 11th. Cells in Europe, the Middle East and the U.S. had specific objectives (transfer funds, learn to fly planes, create false documents, etc.). It has been estimnated that $500,000 was spend to implement the attacks of September 11th with cells operating in Europe and the Middle East providing organization, operation and financial assistance to the main cell that carried out the attack.

After WWII terrorism continued to be used as a tool for liberation and for ending colonialism in the Third World. Selective terror changed from targeting government officials to civilians and sympathizers of occupation.

Terrorism entered a new phase of development and use during the late 1960's. The 1960's brought to terrorism an international scope and a focus on the Middle East. With the 1967 war in which Israel defeated Jordan, Egypt and Syria, taking control of the Golan Heights (from Syria), East Jerusalem, the West Bank (from Jordan), the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula (from Egypt), the use of conventional war as a means to destroy Israel ended and the use of terror with the purpose of focusing attention on Israel and the Palestinians (the occupied territories) began.

Cuba and the Tri-Continental Conference (1966) In 1966 Cuba hosted the Tri-Continental Conference which was sponsored by the Soviet Union. This conference was the beginning of the internationalization of terrorism. Terrorist and "liberation" groups from Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America began to work together and build alliances. Financial, political, operation and intelligence cooperation connected terrorist groups across the world. International terrorism flourished over the preceding two decades. Europe suffered a decade of terrorist activity as European and Middle Eastern terrorist groups worked together to bring attention to the Palestinian cause. In Germany, the Red Army Faction (German group) allied itself with Black September (Palestinian group); in France, Action Direct (French group) allied with the Red Army Faction and the Red Army Brigade (Italian group); in Japan, the Japanese Red Army allied with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Cuba became a training ground for terrorist groups.

Terrorism, the Middle East and the Cold War As the Cold War esculated in the 1960's and the world become polarized between the East and the West, a new dynamic was added to terrorism; State-Sponsored Terrorism: governments exporting terrorism to other parts of the world for their own political interests. Iran supported Hizballah, Libia supported Abu Nidal, Iraq, Cuba, Sudan and Algeria provided training camps, economic and political support to other terrorist groups. The focus of terrorism moved to the Middle East, the Arab-Israeli / Israeli- Palestinian conflict with the U.S. supporting Israel and the Soviet Union supporting various Arab countries.

The 1970's was the decade of air terrorism with more than 20 events of terrorism directed at European and American airlines involving hijackings, bombings and hostage taking. The 1970's also involved bombings, kidnappings and other types of terrorist activity throughout Europe.

Terrorism, the Middle East and Islamism The last twenty years of the 20th century brought terrorism full circle from its earliest history 1500 years prior. With the rise of the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran (1979), religious based terrorism returned. Militant Islam and the protection of Islam against Jews, Christians, and the West formed an independent justification for terrorism. Religious suicide martyrdom in which young men and women die in the service of Allah is evidenced in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and New York City.

The 1980's was the decade of hostage taking and terrorism found a target in U.S. interests around the world. Between 1979 and 1988 there were at least twelve incidents of terrorism directed at the U.S. and her interests. These incidents included the hostages in 1979, the bombing of U.S. Embassies, kidnapping of American citizens, and the bombing of airplanes.

The last decade of the 20th century made another change to the development of terrorism. Terrorism in the 1960's through the 1980's was about exposure to one's cause. A terrorist act was followed by credit taking or a warning to the U.S. that future attacks would occur if the U.S. did not change its policies or a way to gain the worlds attention to the Palestinian cause. The 1990's brought to terrorism, indiscriminate killing and high mass casualty counts for its own sake. Between 1993 and September 11, 2001 seven terrorist attacks were committed against the U.S. in which the destruction was the point of the attack. The 1990's returned to terrorism, religious extremism and hate being enough to justify the use of terror. 1993 WTC - 6 dead, major damage to the WTC 1995 Saudi Arabia - 5 dead - bombing of the U.S. Military Headquarters 1996 Saudi Arabia - 19 dead - Khobar Towers 1997 Egypt - 58 tourist dead - terrorists open fire in the Temple of Hatshepsut 1998 Kenya and Tanzania - 224 dead - bombing of two U.S. Embassies at the same time 2000 Yemen - 17 sailors killed - U.S.S. Cole 2001 WTC / Pentagon - 3000 dead After two hundred years, terrorism has changed and has been used for a variety of different purposes to achieve various goals. Ultimately terrorism is a tool to change behavior.